2 Customs and celebrations

An enormous number of customs, with either secular, religious, or national aspects, surround Christmas, and vary from country to country. Many aspects, such as the Christmas tree, holly, the Christmas ham, the Yule Log, and the giving of presents were appropriated from the earlier Asatru pagan midwinter holiday of Yule and the traditional celebrations of the Winter solstice, which were popular in northern Europe long before the arrival of Christianity. (Other pagan holidays similarly appropriated include Easter and Halloween.) Rather than attempting to suppress these popular feast days, Pope Gregory I allowed Christian missionaries to give them a Christian interpretation, while permitting most of the associated customs to continue with little or no modification. ¹ A few Christian churches, notably the Jehovah's Witnesses, some Puritan groups, and ultra-conservative fundamentalist denominations view Christmas therefore as a pagan holiday not sanctioned by the Bible, and do not celebrate it.

2.1 Secular customs

Since Christmas has become associated with the Northern Hemisphere winter, motifs of this season are prominent in Christmas decorations and in the Santa Claus myth.

2.1.1 Santa Claus

Some of the more popular customs of British and North American Christmas are Santa Claus (or Father Christmas or Saint Nicholas), who brings gifts to children on a sleigh pulled by reindeer. In some cultures Santa Claus is accompanied by Knecht Ruprecht, or Black Peter. In some versions elves in a toy workship make all his holiday toys; he may also be married to Mrs. Claus . Many shopping malls in North America and the United Kingdom have a holiday mall Santa Claus whom children can visit to ask for presents.

2.1.2 Gift-giving and cards

Gift-giving is a near-universal part of Christmas celebrations. In many countries, children leave empty containers on Christmas Eve for Santa to fill with small gifts such as toys, candy, or fruit. In the United States, children hang a Christmas stocking by the fireplace, because Santa is said to come down the chimney the night before Christmas to fill them. In other countries, children place their empty shoes out for Santa's visit.

Christmas cards are extremely popular in the United States, in part as a way to maintain relationships with distant relatives and friends, and with business acquaintances. Many families enclose an annual family photograph with the card, and/or a family newsletter which summarizes the adventures and accomplishments of family members during the preceding year.

2.1.3 Decorations

Decorating a Christmas tree with Christmas lights and Christmas ornaments , and the decoration of the interior of the home with garlands and evergreen foliage, particularly holly and mistletoe, are common traditions. In North America and to a lesser extent the United Kingdom, it is traditional to decorate the outside of houses with large numbers of lights, sometimes including illuminated sleighs, snowmen and other Christmas figures.

The traditional Christmas flower is the poinsettia. Other popular holiday plants are holly, red amaryllis and Christmas cactus .

Municipalities often sponsor decorations as well, hanging Christmas banners from street lights or placing Christmas trees in the town square. In the United States, decorations once commonly included religious themes. This practice has led to much adjudication, as opponents insist that it amounts to the government endorsing one particular religious faith.

2.1.4 Social aspects and entertainment

In many countries, businesses, schools, and communities have Christmas parties and dances. These often take place during the several weeks before Christmas Day. Some groups put on Christmas pageants, which may or may not include a retelling of the story of the birth of Jesus Christ. Groups may go out carolling, visiting neighborhood homes to sing Christmas songs. Others are reminded by the holiday of man's fellowship with man, and do extra volunteer work, or hold fundraising drives for charities.

2.1.5 Timing of Christmas gifts

For most of the world, Christmas gifts are given at night on Christmas Eve ( 24 December) or in the morning on Christmas Day.

For those countries who recognize Saint Nicholas as the bearer of gifts, presents are given on 5 December or 6 December. In Spain, and in countries with a similar tradition, gifts are brought by the three Kings ( Magi or Wise Men) at Epiphany on 6 January. In the UK until the recent past, gifts were given to non-family members on Boxing Day, 26 December. Some families exchange presents more than once during the winter season.

The song Twelve Days of Christmas suggests an old tradition of gifts each day from Christmas to Epiphany.

2.1.6 Food

On Christmas Day, a special meal of Christmas dishes is usually served, for which there are traditional menus in each country. Candy and treats are also part of the Christmas celebration in many countries.

2.2 Religious customs and celebrations

The religious celebrations begin with Advent, the anticipation of Christ's birth, around the start of December, and are marked by special church services. Advent services often include Advent carol s, and the period is also celebrated with Advent calendars, sometimes containing sweets and chocolate for children. Immediately before Christmas, there are many Christmas service s at churches at which Christmas hymn s and Christmas carols are sung. One special service in the U.K. is the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at Cambridge. On Christmas Eve and Christmas Day, special services may include a Midnight Mass or a Mass of the Nativity . The church Christmas season ends on the feast of the Epiphany, or Twelfth Night, the traditional date of the visit of the Three Kings to the baby Jesus.

The holiday's popularity is so pronounced that other faiths have emphasized their own winter holidays to serve as a Christmas surrogate. The most obvious example is Judaism's Chanukah, which in the 20th century has evolved a similar family gift-giving tradition.

2.3 National customs and celebrations

2.3.1 United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, another aspect of the Christmas season popular with young families is the pantomime.

2.3.2 Southern Hemisphere

In commonwealth countries in the southern hemisphere, Christmas is still celebrated on December 25, despite this being the height of their summer season. This clashes with the traditional winter iconography, resulting in anachronisms such as a red fur-coated Santa Claus surfing in for a turkey barbecue on Bondi Beach.

2.3.3 United States

The Christmas tree and skating rink at Rockefeller Center in New York City, and the White House Christmas decorations are important parts of the national Christmas celebration in the U.S. Also, NORAD "tracks" Santa Claus' global transit each year, to wide attention by the mass media.

2.3.4 Other areas

See List of winter festivals for other winter holidays, and Christmas around the world for information about Christmas in non-English speaking countries.

3 Christmas in the arts and media

A large number of Christmas stories have been written, often involving heart-touching tales that involve a Christmas miracle. Several have passed into popular culture and become part of the Christmas tradition.

Perhaps the most popular is Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol, the tale of curmudgeonly miser Ebenezer Scrooge. Scrooge rejects compassion and philanthropy, and Christmas as a symbol of both, until he is visited by the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present and Future, who show him the consequences of his ways. Through this and other Christmas stories, Dickens is sometimes credited with shaping the modern celebration of Christmas (tree, plum pudding, carols, etc.) and the movement to close businesses on Christmas day.

If Dickens shaped the wider traditions of Christmas, Thomas Nast and Clement Moore provided us with the popular images of Santa Claus. Nast's 19th century cartoons gave Santa his familiar form, while Moore's poem A Visit from Saint Nicholas (popularly known as The Night Before Christmas) gave us the rotund Santa and his sleigh landing on rooftops on Christmas Eve.

Another Christmas story is the film, It's a Wonderful Life whose theme mirrors A Christmas Carol. Its hero, George Bailey, is a businessman who sacrificed his dreams to help his community. On Christmas Eve, a guardian angel finds him in despair and prevents him from committing suicide, by magically showing him how much he meant to the world around him.

Radio and TV stations popularise Christmas by broadcasting Christmas carols and Christmas songs, including classical music such as the Hallelujah chorus from Handel's The Messiah. Many TV shows celebrate the holiday with a Christmas Special episode.

3.1 UK media Christmas

In the United Kingdom the media prefer to extend the holiday season, allowing for increased viewership of holiday programming and aiming for the establishment of new Christmas institutions (for example, Morecambe and Wise, The Two Ronnies, Only Fools and Horses, Top of the Pops). HM Queen Elizabeth II annually broadcasts a 10-minute speech on Christmas Day at 3 p.m., charting her views of the past year and giving her own reflections and advice. The animated tale The Snowman is screened every Christmas, and a new story, The Bear , by the same artist and company, is usually broadcast around the same time.

Many long-running UK soap operas have Christmas specials, usually involving a dramatic storyline developed over several weeks which culminates at Christmas. Often these stories are tragic, involving a death, divorce, a dramatic revelation or similar event.

The UK music industry features the battle of bands and artists to make it to the 'Christmas No. 1' spot, recognised on the first Sunday before, or on, Christmas Day. Many of these songs are festive, while others are novelty songs that remain but briefly at the top of the chart. Gospel singer Cliff Richard is a fixture of Christmas charts, appearing nearly every year, and subsequently being mocked for doing so.

3.2 U.S. media Christmas

In the United States, most family-oriented TV series produce a Christmas special. Stand-alone Christmas specials are also popular, from newly created animated shorts and movies to repeats of those that were popular in previous years, such as Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and A Charlie Brown Christmas. Some local affiliates provide the Yule Log, a block of time on Christmas morning showing footage of a fireplace, coupled with popular Christmas music.

Many radio stations begin to add Christmas songs to their rotation in late November, and often switch to all-Christmas programming for the morning of December 25th. A few stations switch to all-Christmas music for the entire season (some beginning as early as mid-November); programmers believe that at least some listeners who are attracted by the Christmas music will remain loyal listeners when the station reverts to its standard format on Boxing Day.

4 Economics of Christmas

Christmas is typically the largest annual stimulus for the economies of celebrating Christian nations. Sales increase dramatically in almost all retail areas, as people purchase gifts, decorations, and supplies for parties and for visiting guests. Shops introduce new products that are sold at premium prices, as customers take advantage of marketing opportunities. In the United States, the Christmas shopping season has lengthened such that it now begins the day after Thanksgiving, known as Black Friday in the retail industry. For some shops and businesses, Christmas Day is the only day in the year that they are closed.

The economic impact of Christmas continues after the holiday, with Christmas sales and New Year's sales , when stores sell off excess inventories.

Many fundamentalist Christians, as well as general anti- consumerists, often decry the "commericalization" of Christmas. Such groups frequently accuse the Christmas season of being excessively dominated by money and greed, at the expense of the holiday's more important "true values" of compassion, generousity, and kindness. Frustrations over these issues and others can often lead to a rise in Christmastime social problems (see below).

In North America, the holiday movie season often includes release of studios' most prestigious pictures, in an effort both to capture holiday crowds and to position themselves for Oscar consideration. After summer, this is the second-most lucrative season for the industry. Christmas movies generally open no later than Thanksgiving, as their themes are not so popular once the season is past.

5 Social impact of Christmas

Because of the focus on celebration, friends and family, people who are without these, or who have recently suffered losses, are more likely to suffer from depression during the holidays. This increases the demands for counseling services during the period.

Suicides and murders spike during the holiday season. Because of holiday celebrations involving alcohol, drunk driving-related fatalities may also increase.

Non-Christians in predominantly Christian nations may be left bereft of entertainment around Christmas, as stores close and friends depart for vacations. The cliché recreation for them is "movies and Chinese food"; movie theaters remaining open to bring in holiday box office dollars and Chinese (and presumably Buddhist, et al.) establishments being less likely to close for the big day.

6 Theories regarding the origin of the date of Christmas

Related article: Chronology of Jesus' birth and death

Many different dates have been suggested for the celebration of Christmas. No explanation of why it is celebrated on December 25 is universally accepted. Theories include the following:

• It is an appropriation by early Christians of a day on which the birth of several pagan gods, Osiris, Jupiter, and Plutus, or the ancient deified leader Nimrod, was celebrated.

• It is an appropriation of the pagan Midwinter festivals, such as the Germanic Yule and the Roman festival of the birth of Unconquered Sun, celebrated on the day after the winter solstice, or the Roman festival of Saturnalia.

• It derives from the tradition that Jesus was born during the Jewish Festival of Lights ( Hanukkah, the 25th of Kislev and the beginning of Tevet). Kislev is generally accepted as corresponding with our December. Under the Old Julian calendar, the popular choice of 5 BC for the year of Jesus's birth would place the 25th of Kislev on the 25th of November.

• The date of Christmas is based on the date of Good Friday, the day Jesus died. Since the exact date of Jesus' death is not stated in the Gospels, early Christians sought to calculate it, and arrived at either March 25 or April 6. To then calculate the date of Jesus' birth, they followed the ancient idea that Old Testament prophets died at an " integral age "—either an anniversary of their birth or of their conception. They reasoned that Jesus died on an anniversary of the Incarnation (his conception), so the date of his birth would have been nine months after the date of Good Friday—either December 25 or January 6. Thus, rather than the date of Christmas being appropriated from pagans by Christians, the opposite is held to have occurred. [See Duchesne (1902) and Talley (1986).]

7 See also

Christmas season, Christmas carol, Christmas song, Christmas dishes, Giftmas, Christmas around the world.

8 Footnotes

• 1 The 8th century English historian Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ("Ecclesiastic History of the English People") contains a letter from Pope Gregory I to Saint Mellitus, who was then on his way to England to conduct missionary work among the heathen Anglo-Saxons. The Pope suggests that converting heathens is easier if they are allowed to retain the outward forms of their traditional pagan practices and traditions, while recasting those traditions spiritually towards the one true God instead of to their pagan gods (whom the Pope refers to as "devils"), "to the end that, whilst some gratifications are outwardly permitted them, they may the more easily consent to the inward consolations of the grace of God". [1] The Pope sanctions such conversion tactics as Biblicly acceptable, pointing out that God did much the same thing with the ancient Israelites and their pagan sacrifices.

9 References

• 1908 Catholic Encyclopedia article on Christmas
• Duchesne, Louis (1902), Les origines du culte chrétien
• Talley, Thomas J. (1986). The Origins of the Liturgical Year

10 External links

• Christmas on the Net
• Christmas Origins
• Christmas - Bible Answer (an anti-Christmas web site that attacks the holiday from a strict fundamentalist interpretation.)
• Christmas in Japan
• The History of Christmas
• The custom of celebrating with Christmas Lights
• "Calculating Christmas" by William J. Tighe
• Christmas gifts' tale
• Christmas graphics

Christmas Christian festivals Holidays of the United States ang:Crístemæsse

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