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Sir Charles "Charlie" Spencer Chaplin ( April 16, 1889 - December 25, 1977) was the most famous actor in early to mid Hollywood cinema, and later also a notable director. His principal character was " The Tramp": a vagrant with the refined manners and dignity of a gentleman who wears a tight coat, oversized pants and shoes, a derby or bowler hat, a bamboo cane, and his signature square mustache. Chaplin was the most creative personalities in the silent film era; he acted in, directed, scripted, produced, and eventually scored his own films.
He was born Charles Spencer Chaplin in Walworth, LondonLondon is the capital of the United Kingdom and of England, and with over seven million inhabitants in the Greater London area, is the second-most populous conurbation in Europe (after Moscow). From being Londinium the capital of the Roman province of Bri, EnglandEngland is the largest, the most populous, and the most densely populated of the four " Home Nations" which make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). Occupying the south-eastern portion of the island of Great Britain, England to Charles, Sr. and Hannah Harriette Hill, both Music HallMusic Hall is a form of British theatrical entertainment which reached its peak of popularity between 1850 and 1960. The term can refer to 1) A particular form of variety entertainment involving a mixture of popular song, comedy and speciality acts. 2) Th entertainers. His parents separated soon after his birth, leaving him in the care of his increasingly-unstable mother. In 1896Events January 4 Utah is admitted as the 45th U. January 5 An Austrian newspaper reports that Wilhelm Rontgen discovered a type of radiation later known as X-rays. January 12 H. Smith takes the first X-ray photograph. January 18 The X-ray machine is exhib, she was unable to find work; Charlie and his older half-brother Sydney had to be left in the workhouse at LambethLambeth is a place in the London Borough of Lambeth in London, England. The ancient riverside village had an extensive parish, which stretched for six miles south, including the manors of Kennington and Vauxhall. The parish, and the subsequent Metropolita, moving after several weeks to Hanwell School for Orphans and Destitute Children. His father died an alcoholic when Charlie was aged 12, and his mother suffered a mental breakdown, and was eventually admitted to the Cane Hill Asylum near Croydon. She died in 1928.
Charlie first took to the stage when, aged 5, he performed in Music Hall in 1894, standing in for his mother, who taught him to sing and act. As a child, he was confined to a bed for weeks due to a serious illness, and, at night, his mother would sit at the window and act out what was going on outside. In 1900, aged 11, his brother helped get him the role of a comic cat in the pantomime Cinderella at the London Hippodrome . In 1903 he appeared in Jim, A Romance of Cockayne, followed by his first regular job, as the newspaper boy Billy in Sherlock Holmes, a part he played into 1906. This was followed by Casey's Court Circus variety show, and, the following year, he became a clown in Fred Karno's Fun Factory slapstick comedy company. According to immigration records, he arrived in America with the Karno troupe on October 2, 1912. In the Karno Company was Arthur Stanley Jefferson, who would become known and loved as Stan Laurel. Chaplin and Laurel wound up sharing a room in a boarding house. Chaplin's act was eventually seen by film producer Mack Sennett, who hired him for his studio, the Keystone Film Company.
While Chaplin initially had difficulty adjusting to the Keystone style of film acting, he soon adapted and flourished in the medium. This was made possible in part by Chaplin developing his signature Tramp persona, and by eventually earning directorship and creative control over his films, which enabled him to become Keystone's top star and talent.
His salary history suggests how rapidly he became world famous, and the skill of his brother, Sydney Chaplin at being his business manager.
In 1919 he founded the United Artists studio with Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and D. W. Griffith.
Although "talkies" (movies with sound) became the dominant mode of moviemaking soon after they were introduced in 1927, Chaplin resisted making a talkie all through the 1930s. It is a tribute to Chaplin's versatility that he also has one film credit for choreography for the 1952 film Limelight, and one credit as a singer for the title music of the 1928 film The Circus. The best-known of several songs he composed is "Smile", famously covered by Nat King Cole, among others.
His first sound picture, The Great Dictator ( 1940) was an act of defiance against Adolf Hitler and fascism, filmed and released in the United States one year before it abandoned its policy of isolationism to enter World War II. Chaplin played a fascist dictator clearly modeled on Hitler (also with a certain physical likeness), as well as a Jewish barber cruelly persecuted by the Nazis. Hitler, who was a great fan of movies, is known to have seen the film twice (records were kept of movies ordered for his personal theater). After the war and the uncovering of the Holocaust, Chaplin stated that he would not have been able to make such jokes about the Nazi regime had he known about the actual extent of the pogrom.
Chaplin's political sympathies always lay with the left. Several of his movies, notably Modern Times ( 1936), depict the dismal situation of workers and the poor.
Although Chaplin had his major successes in the United States, he retained his British nationality. During the era of McCarthyism, Chaplin was accused of " un-American activities" as a suspected communist; and J. Edgar Hoover, who had instructed the FBI to keep extensive files on him, tried to end his United States residency.
In 1952, Chaplin left the US for a trip to England; Hoover learned about it and negotiated with the INS to revoke his re-entry permit. Chaplin then decided to stay in Europe, and made his home in Switzerland. He briefly returned to the United States in April 1972 to receive an Honorary Oscar.
Chaplin won the honorary Oscar twice. When the first Oscars were awarded on May 16, 1929, the voting audit procedures that now exist had not yet been invented, and the categories were still very fluid. When it became apparent that Chaplin, who had been nominated for Best Actor and Best Comedy Direction, had failed to win either award for his movie The Circus, the Academy decided to give him a special award "for versatility and genius in acting, writing, directing and producing The Circus". The other film to receive a special award that year was The Jazz Singer.
Chaplin's second honorary award came 44 years later in 1972, and was for "the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century". He came out of his exile and collected his award less than a month before the death of J. Edgar Hoover. Chaplin was also nominated without success for Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Original Screenplay for The Great Dictator, and again for Best Original Screenplay for Monsieur Verdoux ( 1947).
In 1973, he received an Oscar for the Best Music in an Original Dramatic Score for the 1952 film Limelight, which co-starred Buster Keaton. Because of Chaplin's difficulties with McCarthyism, the film did not open in Los Angeles when it was first produced. This criterion for nomination was not fulfilled until 1972.
His final films were A King in New York ( 1957) and A Countess from Hong Kong ( 1967), starring Sophia Loren and Marlon Brando.
His professional successes were repeatedly overshadowed by his notorious private life. On October 23, 1918, the 28 year old Chaplin married the 16-year-old Mildred Harris. They had one child who died as an infant; they divorced in 1920. Now 35, he fell in love with the 16-year-old Lita Grey during preparations for The Gold Rush. They married on November 26, 1924 when she became pregnant. They had two sons. They divorced bitterly in 1926, with Chaplin making a record-breaking settlement of $825,000. The stress of the divorce, compounded by a tax dispute, allegedly turned his hair white. The publication of the court records, which included many intimate details, led to a campaign against Chaplin. He was 47 when he secretly married the 25 year old Paulette Goddard on June 1936. After a number of happy years, this marriage too ended in divorce in 1942. During this period, Chaplin briefly dated 22 year old actress Joan Barry. He ended the relationship when Barry started harassing him. In May 1943, she informed Chaplin she was pregnant, and filed a paternity suit. Blood tests proved he was not the father, but at the time, blood tests were inadmissible evidence in court, and he was ordered to pay $75 a week until the child turned 21. Shortly thereafter, he met Oona O'Neill, daughter of dramatist Eugene O'Neill and married her on June 16, 1943. He was 54; Oona was 17. This marriage was a long and happy one, with eight children.
On March 4, 1975, after many years of self-imposed exile from his native country, he was knighted a KBE by Queen Elizabeth II. The honour was first proposed in 1956, but vetoed by the British Foreign Office on the grounds that he sympathized with the left and that it would damage British relations with the United States, at the height of the Cold War and with planning for the ill-fated invasion of Suez underway.
Charlie Chaplin passed away on Christmas Day, 1977 in Vevey, Switzerland and was interred in the Corsier-Sur-Vevey Cemetery in Corsier-Sur-Vevey , Vaud, Switzerland. Two months later, on March 3, 1978, his body was stolen from the cemetery, in an attempt to extort money from his relatives. The plot failed, the robbers were captured, and the body was recovered 11 weeks later near Lake Geneva. There is a famous statue of Chaplin in front of the alimentarium in Vevey to commemorate the last part of his life.
Amongst his many honors, Charles Chaplin has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and in 1985 he was honored with his image on a postage stamp of the United Kingdom and in 1994 he appeared on a United States postage stamp designed by caricaturist Al Hirschfeld.
In 1992 a film was made about his life entitled Chaplin, directed by Oscar-winner Sir Richard Attenborough, and starring Robert Downey Jr., Dan Aykroyd, Geraldine Chaplin (Charlie's daughter, portraying Charlie's mother, her own grandmother), Anthony Hopkins, Milla Jovovich, Moira Kelly, Kevin Kline, Diane Lane, Penelope Ann Miller, Paul Rhys , Marisa Tomei, Nancy Travis, and James Woods.