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The Channel Tunnel, ( French: le tunnel sous la Manche; often nicknamed the Chunnel) is a rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Straits of Dover, connecting Cheriton in Kent, England and Sangatte in northern France. A long-standing and hugely expensive project that saw several false starts, it was finally completed in 1994. It is the second longest rail tunnel in the world, surpassed only by the Seikan Tunnel in Japan. It is operated by Eurotunnel.

1 Previous attempts

A link between Britain and France had been proposed on many occasions, but it was not until the 20th century that engineers came to believe that the necessary technical ability was available. Various French and British engineers put forward proposals and works on a tunnel were briefly undertaken in 1880 but soon abandoned due to flooding. The British government was, however, firmly opposed to a link, fearing that it could serve the French as an invasion route. It was not until after World War IIWorld War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the world's nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. The war was fough that the concept began to receive serious attention.

2 The current tunnel

2.1 Planning

In 1957Events January January 2 San Francisco and Los Angeles stock exchanges merge. January 3 Hamilton Watch Company introduces the first electric watch January 4 After 69 years the last issue of Colliers magazine is published January 5 Russell Endean becomes t the Channel Tunnel Study Group was formed. It reported in 1960Events January-February January 1 Independence of Cameroon January 9 Aswan High Dam construction begins in Egypt January 11 Chad declares its independence. January 14 Ralph Chubb, the gay poet and printer, dies at Fair Oak Cottage in Hampshire. January 23 and recommended a railway tunnel of two main tunnels and a smaller service tunnel. The project was launched in 1973Events January events January 1 United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark enter the European Economic Community now known as the European Union January 3 Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) sells the New York Yankees for $10 million to a 12-person syndicate led but folded due to financial problems in 1975Events January January 1 Watergate scandal: John N. Mitchell, H. Haldeman, John D. Ehrlichman are found guilty of the Watergate cover-up and are sentenced to 30 months to 8 years in jail on February 21 January 5 The Tasman Bridge in Tasmania, Australia, i after the construction of a 250 m test tunnel.

In 1984This page is about the year 1984. For other uses of 1984, see 1984 (disambiguation). 1984 is a leap year starting on Sunday (link shows calendar). Events January January 1 Brunei becomes a fully independent state January 1 AT&T is broken up into 22 indepe the idea was relaunched with an Anglo-FrenchAnglo-French is a term that may be used in several contexts: Nationality, eg. a person with one English parent and one French parent may be said to be Anglo-French Joint activities between England (or the UK) and France, eg. Anglo-French relations Linguis government request for proposals to build a privately funded link. Of the four submissions received the one most closely resembling the 1973 plan was chosen and announced on January 20January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 345 days remaining (346 in leap years). In astrology, it is the cusp day between Aquarius and Capricorn. Events 1156 According to legend, freeholder Lalli slays English crusader B, 1986. The Fixed Link Treaty was signed by the two governments in Canterbury, Kent on February 12, 1986 and ratified in 1987.

The planned route of the tunnel took it from Calais to Folkestone (a route rather longer than the shortest possible crossing) and the tunnel was to follow a single chalk stratum (which meant the tunnel was deeper than the previous attempt). For much of its route, the tunnel is nearly 40 m under the seafloor, with the southern section being deeper than the northern.



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