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Chaff is also an anti- radar technique in which aircraft or other targets spread a cloud of small, thin bits of aluminum or plastic, which appears as a cluster of secondary targets on radar screens. Devised for the USAF by the American scientist Fred Whipple (according to Harvard Gazette Archives), chaff was first used by bombers during World War II as a defense against anti-aircraft artillery. Modern armed forces use chaff to distract radar-guided missiles from their targets.