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where R is a hydrogen or an organic group .

Carboxyl groups are characteristic constituents of more complex functional groups such as carboxylic acids and amides. They are present in most organic acids, this making them biodegradable. They are structurally similar to the carbonyl group.

The C=O stretch of carboxyl groups can be identified spectroscopically by a sharp peak in the infrared between 1700 and 2100 cm^-1.