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From 1250 Egypt had been ruled by the Turkish Mamluk Bahri dynasty. In 1377 a revolt broke out in Syria which spread to Egypt, and the government was taken over by the Circassians Barakah and Barkuk ; Barkuk was proclaimed sultan in 1382, ending the Bahri dynasty. He was expelled in 1389 but recaptured Cairo in 1390. Permanently in power he founded the Burji dynasty.
Barkuk became an ememy of Timur after slaying one of Timur's envoys. Timur threatened to invade Syria, but Barkuk died in 1399Events September 30: Henry IV becomes King of England. October 13: Coronation of Henry IV of England, with a Royal address in English for the first time since the Norman Conquest. Births Deaths 1399.; Bayezid then invaded Syria, but came into conflict with Timur, who took AleppoAleppo is also the name of two townships in the U. state of Pennsylvania. See: Aleppo Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania and Aleppo Township, Greene County, Pennsylvania. Aleppo Arabic alab Tiberian Hebrew l (modern or Ivrit Hebrew Xalav : both mean and other towns in 1400Events Henry IV quells baron rebellion and executes The Earls of Kent, Huntingdon and Salisbury for their attempt to have Richard II of England restored as King Jean Froissart writes the "Chronicles" Medici family becomes powerful in Florence, Italy Birth. Syria was regained by sultan Faraj when Timur died in 1405Events Early feminist Christine de Pizan writes The Book of the City of Ladies Erection of Bath Abbey 1499) Publication of Bellifortis by Konrad Kyeser (book on military technology) Births October 18 Pope Pius II Gjergj Kastriot Skanderbeg, Albania's nati, but Faraj continually faced rebellions from the emirs there and he was forced to abdicate in 1412Events End of the reign of Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan. Emperor Shoko ascends to the throne of Japan. John II, King of Castile declared Valladolid laws that restricted the social rights, mostly, of Jews. Among many other resrictions the laws forced Jews t.
In 1421Events March 21 Battle of Bauge. A small French force surprises and defeats an English force under Thomas, Duke of Clarence, a brother of Henry V of England, in Normandy. May 26 Mehmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Murad Egypt was attacked by the Kingdom of CyprusKantara in the Besparmak mountains The Kingdom of Cyprus was a Roman Catholic Crusader kingdom on the island of Cyprus in the late Middle Ages. The island was conquered from Isaac Comnenus, a rival Byzantine emperor, in 1191 by King Richard I of England d, and although the Egyptians were unable to capture the island they forced the Cyprians to acknowledge the suzerainty of the Egyptian sultan Barsbai . During Barsbai's reign Egypt's population was greatly reduced from what it had been a few centuries before, with only 1/5 the number of towns. He frequently raided Asia Minor, but died in 1438.
Al-Ashraf came to power in 1453 and had friendly relations with the Ottoman Empire, who captured Constantinople later that year, causing great rejoicings in Egypt. However, under the reign of Khoshkadam , who took power in 1463, Egypt began the struggle between the Egyptian and the Ottoman sultanates which finally led to the incorporation of Egypt in the Ottoman empire. Both Koshkadam and Mehmet II supported different candidates to the principality of Karaman; then in 1467 sultan Kait Bey offended the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II, whose brother was poisoned while being entertained by Kait. Bayezid II seized Adana, Tarsus and other places within Egyptian territory, but was eventually defeated by Kait. Kait also tried to help the Muslims in Spain by threatening the Christians in Syria, but without effect. He died in 1496.In 1515 there began the war with the Ottoman sultan Selim I which led to the incorporation of Egypt and its dependencies in the Ottoman Empire. A result of the Mamluk cavalry charges proving to be no match for the Ottoman artillery and the janissaries. Egyptian sultan Kansuh was charged by Selim with giving the envoys of the Safavid Ismail passage through Syria on their way to Venice to form a confederacy against the Turks, and with harbouring various refugees. At the Battle of Merj Dabik , on August 24, 1515, Kansuh was killed in the fighting. Syria passed into Turkish possession, who were welcomed in many places as deliverance from the Mamelukes.
In 1517 the Ottoman Turks and their sultan Selim I defeated the Mamluks with the capture of Cairo on January 20. The centre of power transferred from Cairo to Istanbul. However, the Ottoman Empire retained the Mamluks as an Egyptian ruling class and the Mamluks and the Burji family succeeded in regaining much of their influence, but remained technical vassals of the Ottomans.