1 Local Government

The Avon traditionally marked the border between Gloucestershire and Somerset. In 1373 Edward III of England proclaimed "that the said town of Bristol withall be a County by itself and called the county of Bristol for ever", but maps usually instead show it as part of Gloucestershire, and as the city spilled south of the river, it took the county with it.

In 1974 it was made into a district of the newly formed County of Avon, which was abolished on April 1, 1996. It has now returned to its former status of a county in itself.

2 History

Main article: History of Bristol.

The town of Brycgstow ( Old English, "the place at the bridge") was in existence by the beginning of the 11th Century, and under Norman rule acquired one of the strongest castles in southern England. The River Avon in the city centre has slowly evolved into Bristol Harbour, and since the 12th Century the place has been an important port, handling much of England's trade with Ireland. In 1247 a new bridge was built and the town was extended to incorporate neighbouring suburbs, becoming in 1373 a county in its own right. During this period Bristol also became a centre of shipbuilding and manufacturing.

By the 14th Century Bristol was England's third-largest town (after London and York), with perhaps 15-20,000 inhabitants on the eve of the Black Death of 1348- 49. The plague inflicted a prolonged demographic setback, however, with population remaining in the region of at most 10-12,000 through most of the 15th and 16th Centuries. Bristol was made a city in 1542, with the former Abbey of St Augustine becoming Bristol Cathedral. During the Civil War the city suffered (1643-45) through Royalist military occupation and plague.

In 1497 Bristol was the starting point for John Cabot's voyage of exploration to North America.

Renewed growth came with the 17th Century rise of England's American colonies and the rapid 18th Century expansion of England's part in the Atlantic trade in Africans taken for slavery in the Americas.

Bristol, along with Liverpool, became a significant centre for the slave trade although few slaves were brought to Britain. During the height of the slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, more than 2000 slaving ships were fitted out at Bristol, carrying a (conservatively) estimated half a million people from Africa to the Americas and slavery.

Competition from Liverpool from c.1760, the disruption of maritime commerce through war with France ( 1793) and the abolition of the slave trade ( 1807) contributed to the city's failure to keep pace with the newer manufacturing centres of the north and midlands. The long passage up the heavily tidal Avon Gorge, which had made the port highly secure during the middle ages, had become a liability which the construction of a new "Floating Harbour" (designed by William Jessop) in 1804- 9 failed to overcome. Nevertheless, Bristol's population (66,000 in 1801) quintupled during the 19th Century, supported by new industries and growing commerce. It was particularly associated with the leading engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, who designed the Great Western Railway between Bristol and London, two pioneering Bristol-built steamships, and the Clifton Suspension Bridge.

Bristol's city centre suffered severe damage from bombing during World War II. The original central area, near the bridge and castle, is still a park featuring two bombed out churches and some tiny fragments of the castle. (A third bombed church has a new lease of life as St Nicholas' Church Museum.) Slightly to the North, the Broadmead shopping centre was built over bomb-damaged areas.

The removal of the docks to Avonmouth, seven miles (11 km) downstream from the city centre, relieved congestion in the central zone and allowed substantial redevelopment of the old central dock area (the "Floating Harbour") in recent decades, although at one time the continued existence of the docks was in jeopardy as it was seen merely as derelict industry rather than a potential asset.

3 Aeronautics

In the 20th century, Bristol's manufacturing activities expanded to include aircraft production at Filton, six miles (10 km) north of the city centre, by the Bristol Aeroplane Company, including the key British role in the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic airliner project.

Concorde components were manufactured in British and French factories and shipped to the two final assembly plants by road, sea and air. The French assembly lines were in Toulouse in southern France with the British lines in Filton. Luckily the very large three-bayed hangar built for the Bristol Brabazon was available.

The French manufactured the centre fuselage and centre wing and the British the nose, rear fuselage, fin and wingtips. The largest proportion of the British share of the work was the powerplant, the Rolls-Royce/Snecma 593. The engine's manufacture was split between British Aircraft Corporation, Rolls-Royce (Filton) and SNECMA at Villaroche near Paris.

The British Concorde prototype G-BSST made its 22 minute maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1969, the French prototype F-WTSS had flown from Toulouse five weeks earlier. Most of the employees of BAC and Rolls Royce, plus a huge crowd, watched from around the airfield. Fairford was chosen as the test airfield for Concorde because the runway at Filton was rejected for test flying, its length was inadequate and there were problems with the slope, and the first 1000 feet (300 m) of the runway at its eastern (A38) end could not be used. However, from the end of 1977, all test flying on the second production aircraft G-BBDG was done from Filton, following the closure of the BAC Fairford test base.

In 2003 the two airlines using Concorde ( British Airways and Air France) and the company supplying spares and support ( Airbus) made the decision to cease flying the aircraft and to retire them to locations (mostly museums) around the world. For the precise location of all the aircraft see Concorde.

On 26 November 2003, Concorde 216 ( G-BOAF ) made the final ever Concorde flight, returning to Filton airfield to be kept there permanently as the centrepiece of a projected air museum. This museum will include the existing Bristol Aero Collection which is currently kept in a hangar at Kemble Airfield, forty miles (60 km) from Filton. This collection includes a Bristol Britannia aircraft which would presumably also be brought to Bristol.

Another major aeronautical company in the city is Cameron Balloons, the worlds largest manufacturer of hot air balloons. Annually, in August, the city is host to the Bristol International Balloon Fiesta, one of Europe's largest hot air balloon events.

4 Arts and leisure

The city has two significant football clubs: Bristol City F.C. who play in Football League One and Bristol Rovers F.C. who play in Football League Two. The city is also home to a Rugby Union club currently known as Bristol Shoguns and a first-class cricket side, Gloucestershire C.C.C.

Each summer the grounds of Ashton Court to the west of the city play host to the Bristol Balloon Fiesta, a major event for followers of the sport of hot-air ballooning in Britain. The "Fiesta" draws a substantial crowd even for the early morning lift that typically begins at about 6.30 am and a fairground atmosphere is sustained throughout the day. A second mass ascent is normally scheduled for the early evening, again taking advantage of lower wind speeds.

Ashton Court also plays host to the Ashton Court festival each summer, an outdoors music festival which used to be known as the Bristol Community Festival.

250px St Mary Redcliffe church and the Floating Harbour, Bristol.

The city's principal theatre company, the Bristol Old Vic, was founded in 1946 as an offshoot of the Old Vic company in London. It has premises on King Street consisting of the 1766 Theatre Royal (400 seats), a modern studio theatre called the New Vic (150 seats), and foyer and bar areas in the adjacent Coopers' Hall (built 1743). The Theatre Royal is a grade I listed building and the oldest continuously-operating theatre in England. The Bristol Old Vic also runs a prominent Theatre School. The Bristol Hippodrome is a larger theatre (1981 seats) which hosts national touring productions, while the 2000-seat Colston Hall , named for the controversial local figure Edward Colston, is the city's main concert venue.

The music scene is thriving and significant. In particular, Bristol was the birthplace of a kind of English hip-hop music often called trip hop or the Bristol Sound, epitomised in the work of artists such as Tricky and Massive Attack among many others.

The Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery houses a collection of natural history, archaeology, local glassware, Chinese ceramics and art of a variety of periods. The Bristol Industrial Museum, on the dockside, shows local industrial heritage and operates a steam railway, boat trips, and working dockside cranes. The City Museum also runs three preserved historic houses: the Tudor Red Lodge, the Georgian House, and Blaise Castle House. The Watershed media centre and Arnolfini gallery, both in disused dockside warehouses, exhibit contemporary art, photography and cinema.

Stop frame animation films and commercials painstakingly produced by Aardman Animations and high quality television series focusing on the natural world have also brought fame and artistic credit to the city. It is where the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC) has its regional headquarters, and Natural History Unit. This was a key attraction to a number of independent media companies who located in the city, and in recent times have grown into a significant industry. Bristol is also the birthplace of the actor Cary Grant.

5 Education

Bristol is home to two major institutions of higher education: the University of Bristol, a " redbrick" chartered in 1909, and the University of the West of England, formerly Bristol Polytechnic, which gained university status in 1992. The city also has two dedicated further education institutions, City of Bristol College and Filton College as well as a theological college, Trinity College, Bristol.

6 Transport

The passenger terminal at Bristol International Airport, Lulsgate There are two principal railway stations in Bristol: Bristol Parkway and Bristol Temple Meads. Bristol was never well served by suburban railways, though the line to Avonmouth and Severn Beach survived the Beeching Axe and is still in operation today, while the line to Portishead has recently reopened to freight traffic. Long-standing plans for a light rail system in the Bristol area have so far come to nothing.

The city is connected by road on an east-west axis from London to Wales by the M4 motorway, and on a north-southwest axis from Birmingham to Exeter by the M5 motorway. The M32 motorway is a spur from the M4 to the city centre.

The city is also served by its own airport, at Lulsgate, which has recently seen substantial improvements to its runway, terminal and other facilities.

Despite being hilly, Bristol is one of the prominent cycling cities of England, and is home to the national cycle campaigning group Sustrans. It has a number of urban cycle routes, as well as links to National Cycle Network routes to Bath and London, to Gloucester and Wales, and to the South-Western peninsula of England.

7 Dialect

Many Bristolians speak a distinctive dialect of English (known colloquially as Brizzle or Bristle). The best-known feature of this dialect, unique to Bristol, is the Bristol L (or Terminal L), in which an L sound is appended to words that end in a vowel sound. This is exemplified by the name of the city itself, which has been transformed from the Old English Brycgstow to the modern Bristol. It may also lead to confusions between expressions like area engineer and aerial engineer which in "Bristle" may sound similar.

http://www.thatbebristle.co.uk/dictionary/index.shtml Dictionary of Bristle

8 Areas and towns

There are several areas and towns that make up Bristol.

Bristol city centre Ashley Down Ashton Vale Avonmouth Baptist Mills Bedminster Bishopston Blaise Hamlet Botany Bay Brentry Brislington Broadmead Broomhill Burchells Green Cabot Canons Marsh Catbrain Chesterfield Park

Clay Hill Clifton Coombe Dingle Cotham Crofts End Downend Eastfield Easton Emersons Green Filton Filwood Park Fishponds Frenchay Golden Hill Hartcliffe Henbury Hengrove Henleaze

Hillfields Horfield Hotwells Kingsdown Knowle Lawrence Weston Lockleaze Mayfield Park Montpelier Newtown Patchway Redland Ridgeway Rose Green Sea Mills Shirehampton Sneyd Park Southmead Southville

Speedwell St Andrews St Annes St George St Pauls St Phillips Marsh St Werburghs Staple Hill Stapleton Stockwood Stoke Bishop Totterdown Two Mile Hill Victoria Park Westbury on Trym Whitehall Whiteway Windmill Hill

9 Tourist attractions and places of interest

@Bristol Arno's Vale Arnolfini Ashton Court Ashton Court Festival Aviation Heritage Museum Avon Gorge Blaise Castle Bristol Cathedral Bristol Zoo British Empire and Commonwealth Museum Cabot Tower City Museum and Art Gallery Clifton Cathedral Clifton Down Clifton Suspension Bridge

Concorde 216 Create Centre Durdham Down Festival of Nature Floating Harbour Harbour Railway Industrial Museum International Balloon Fiesta John Wesley's Chapel Leigh Court Leigh Woods Oldbury Court Old Vic Theatre Snuff Mills SS Great Britain St Mary Redcliffe Watershed Arts Centre

10 See also

• List of photographs of Bristol

11 External links

• Visit Bristol - official tourist office site
• Bristol Guide - Guide to Bristol
• About Bristol - pictorial tours of Bristol
• Bristolian Dictionary
• Bristol Aero Collection at Kemble airfield
• Photographs of Bristol
• Bristol City Council

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