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All elementary particles are either bosons or fermions.

Particles composed of a number of other particles (such as protons or nuclei) can be either fermions or bosons, depending on their total spin. Hence, many nuclei are in fact bosons. While fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle: "no more than one fermion can occupy a single quantum state", there is no exclusion property for bosons, which are free to (and indeed, other things being equal, tend to) crowd into the same quantum state. This explains the spectrum of black-body radiation and the operation of lasers, the properties of superfluidSuperfluidity is a phase of matter characterised by the complete absence of viscosity. Thus superfluids, placed in a closed loop, can flow endlessly without friction. Superfluidity was discovered by Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, John F. Allen, and Don Misene helium-4Helium is a colorless, odorless, tasteless chemical element, one of the noble gases of the periodic table of elements. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among the elements; except in extreme conditions, it exists only as a gas. The second most and the possibility of bosons to form Bose-Einstein condensateA Bose-Einstein condensate is a gaseous superfluid phase formed by atoms cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero. The first such condensate was produced by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman in 1995, using a gas of rubidium atoms cooled to one twenty-s, a particular state of matter.

Because bosons do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle, it is much harder to form stable structures with bosons than with fermions. This difference accounts for the difference between what we think of as matterMatter is anything that has mass and occupies space. One [contemporary] view on matter takes it as all scientifically observable entities whatsoever. Matter can more accurately be defined as the energy that has a low vibratory rate, a compressed energy st and things that are not matter such as light.

Examples of bosons:

• photonFor the Japanese anime video, see Photon (anime). In physics, the photon (from Greek φοτος, meaning light is a quantum of excitation of the quantised electromagnetic field and is one of the elementary particles studied by qus, which mediate the electromagnetic force
• W and Z bosonsIn physics, the W and Z bosons are the elementary particles that mediate the weak nuclear force. Their discovery at CERN in 1983 has been heralded as a major success for the Standard Model of particle physics. The W particle is named after the weak nuclea, which mediate the weak nuclear force
• gluonIn physics, gluons are the bosonic particles which are responsible for the strong nuclear force. They bind quarks together to form protons and neutrons as well as other hadrons; their electric charge is zero, their spin is 1 and they are generally assumeds
• Helium-4 atoms
• Higgs bosons
• phonons