Black Powder Description History See Also Reference

It is still manufactured today, primarly for fireworks and for use in reproduction weapons.

1 Description

Black powder consists of the granular ingredients sulfur (S), charcoal (provides carbon to the reaction) and saltpeter (saltpetre, potassium nitrate, KNO₃; provides oxygen to the reaction).

The optimum proportions for gunpowder are: saltpetre 74.64%, sulphur 11.85%, charcoal 13.51%. A more basic ratio is: 2 parts sulfur, 3 parts charcoal, 15 parts saltpetre.

For the most powerful black powder "meal" a wood charcoal is used. The best wood for the purpose is buckthorn, but others such as balsaBalsa Ochroma lagopus synonym O. pyramidale is a large, fast-growing tree to 30 m tall, native from tropical South America north to southern Mexico. It is evergreen, or dry-season deciduous if the dry season is long, with large (30-50 cm) weakly palmately or willowAbout 350, including: Salix alba White Willow Salix amygdaloides Peachleaf Willow Salix arbuscula Mountain Willow Salix aurita Eared Willow Salix babylonica Peking Willow Salix caprea Goat Willow Salix caroliniana Coastal Plain Willow Salix cinerea Grey S can be used. The ingredients are mixed as thoroughly as possible. This is achieved using a ball millA ball mill a type of crusher, is a cylindrical device used to grind (or mix) materials like ores, chemicals, ceramics and paints. Ball mills rotate around a horizontal axis, partially filled with the material to be ground plus the grinding medium, mostly with non-sparking grinding apparatus ( leadFor the "lead" in news writing, see news style. Lead is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Pb ( L. Plumbum and atomic number 82. A soft, heavy, toxic and malleable poor metal, lead has a dull gray appearance and is bluish white w), or similar device.

Black powder is also corned to change its burn rate. Corning is a process which first compresses the fine black powder "meal" into blocks with a fixed density (1.7g/cc). The blocks are then broken up into granules. These granules are then sorted by size to give the various grades of black powder. Standard grades of black powder run from the coarse Fg grade used in large bore rifles and small cannon though FFg (medium and smallbore rifles), FFFg (pistols), and FFFFg (smallbore, short pistols and priming flintlocksA flintlock is a firearm that operates in the following manner: The operator loads the gun, usually from the barrel end, with black powder followed by shot or a bullet wrapped in a paper patch, all rammed down with a special rod; A hammer tightly holding).

Although black powder is not a true high explosive, the United States Department of TransportationThe United States Department of Transportation DOT is a Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with transport. It was established by an act of Congress on October 15, 1966 and began operation on April 1, 1967. It is administered by t classifies it as a "Class A High Explosive" for shipment because it is so easily ignited.

2 History

Gunpowder was first discovered in ChinaThis article is on the geographic and cultural entity. For other meanings, see China (disambiguation). China ( Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , Hanyu Pinyin: Zhongguo, Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo) is a country in continental East Asia with some oute in the 9th century. The discovery appears to have been by accident by alchemists seeking the elixir of immortality, and the first references to gunpowder appear as warnings in alchemy texts not to mix certain materials together. By the 10th century, gunpowder began to be used for military purposes in China in the form of rockets and explosive bombs fired from catapults. The first reference to cannon appears in 1126 when oil bamboo tubes were used to launch missiles at the enemy. Eventually bamboo tubes were replaced by metal tubes, and the oldest cannon in China dates from 1290. From China, the military use of gunpower appears to have spread to Japan and Europe. It was used by the Mongols against the Hungarians in 1241 and was mentioned by Roger Bacon in 1248. By the mid 14th century, early cannons are mentioned extensively both in Europe and in China.

In China as in Europe, the use of gunpowder to produce firearms and cannon was delayed by difficulties in creating metal tubes that would contain an explosion. This problem may have led to the false myth that the Chinese used their discovery only for the manufacture of fireworks. In fact, gunpowder powered cannon and rockets were extensively used in the Mongol conquests of the 13th century and were a feature of East Asian warfare afterwards. The short squat and thick city walls of Beijing for example, were specifically designed to withstand an artillery attack, and the Ming dynasty moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing specifically because the hills around Nanjing were good locations for invaders to place artillery.

The 15th through 17th century saw widespread development in gunpowder technology both in Europe and the Far East. Advancements in metallurgy led to small weapons and the development of muskets. Cannon technology in Europe gradually outpaced that of China and these technological improvements transferred back to China through Jesuit missionaries who were put in charge of cannon manufacture by the late Ming and early Qing emperors.

The latter half of the 19th Century saw the invention of nitroglycerin, nitrocellulose and smokeless powders which rapidly led to the replacement of gunpowder in many applications.

3 See also

4 Reference

Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics by Jack Kelly, Basic Books, BooksEnthsiast.com.

Explosives Firearm propellants Rocket fuels Pyrotechnic compositions

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