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Bernhard, duke of Saxe-Weimar ( 1604 - July 18, 1639), a celebrated general in the Thirty Years' War, was the eleventh son of John, duke of Saxe-Weimar .

He received an unusually good education, and studied at Jena, but soon went to the court of the Saxon elector to engage in knightly exercises. At the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War he took the field on the Protestant side, and served under Mansfeld at Wiesloch (1622), under the margrave of Baden at Wimpfen (1622), and with his brother William at Stadtlohn (1623). Undismayed by these defeats, he took part in the campaigns of the king of Denmark; and when Christian withdrew from the struggle Bernhard went to Holland and was present at the famous siege of Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc) in 1629.

When Gustavus Adolphus landed in Germany Bernhard quickly joined him, and for a short time he was colonel of the Swedish life guards. After the battle of Breitenfeld he accompanied Gustavus in his march to the Rhine and, between this event and the battle of the Alte Veste , Bernhard commanded numerous expeditions in almost every district from the Moselle to Tirol. At the Alte Veste he displayed the greatest courage, and at the Battle of Lützen (1632), when Gustavus was killed, Bernhard immediately assumed the command, killed a colonel who refused to lead his men to the charge, and finally by his furious energy won the victory at sundown.

At first as a subordinate to his brother William, who as a Swedish lieutenant-general succeeded to the command, but later as an independent commander, Bernhard continued to push his forays over southern Germany; and with the Swedish General Horn he made in 1633 a successful invasion into Bavaria, which was defended by the imperialist general ArldingerJohann, Count von Aldringer Altringer Aldringen , ( 1588 June 22, 1634), Austrian soldier, was born at Diedenhofen (Thionville) in Lorraine. After travelling as page to a nobleman in France, Italy and the Netherlands, he went to the university of Paris.. In this year he acquired the duchy of Wurzburg, installing one of his brothers as Stadthalter, and returning to the wars. A stern Protestant, he exacted heavy contributions from the Catholic cities which he took, and his repeated victories caused him to be regarded by German Protestants as the saviour of their religion. But in 1634Events Moses Amyraut's Traite de la predestination is published Curacao captured by the Dutch Treaty of Polianovska First meeting of the Academie francaise The witchcraft affair at Loudun Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin Opening of Covent Garden Bernhard suffered the great defeat of NördlingenThis article is about the first Battle of Nordlingen fought in 1634 in Germany as part of the Thirty Years War. See also Battle of Nordlingen (1645 Battle of Nordlingen Dates of battle September 5 & 6, 1634 Conflict Thirty Years' War Battle before Battle, in which the flower of the Swedish army perished.

In 1635Events February 10 The Academie francaise in Paris is expanded to become a national academy for the artistic elite. April 13 Maronite warlord Fah-al-Din II executed in Constantinople October 9 Founder of Rhode Island Roger Williams is banished from Massac he entered the service of FranceThe French Republic or France ( French: Republique francaise or France is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents., which had now intervened in the war. He was now at the same time general-in-chief of the forces maintained by the Heilbronn union of Protestant princes, and a general officer in the pay of France. This double position was very difficult; in the following campaigns, ably and resolutely conducted as they were, Bernhard sometimes pursued a purely French policy, whilst at other times he used the French mercenaries to forward the cause of the princes. From a military point of view his most notable achievements were on the common ground of the upper Rhine, in the Breisgau.

In his great campaign of 1638Events March 29 Swedish colonists establish first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden April 15 Shogunate forces defeat the last rebels of Shimabara Rebellion in the fortress of Hara May 11 French admiral d'Estrees runs his whole fleet aground in Cur he won the battles of Rheinfelden, Wittenweiher and Thann, and captured successively Rheinfelden, Freiburg and Breisach, the last reputed one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. Bernhard had in the first instance received definite assurances from France that he should be given Alsace and Hagenau, Würzburg having been lost in the debacle of 1634; he now hoped to make Breisach the capital of his new duchy. But his health was now broken. He died at the beginning of the campaign, and the governor of Breisach was bribed to transfer the fortress to France. The duke was buried at Breisach, his remains being subsequently removed to Weimar.

See JAC Hellfeld, Geschichte Bernhards des Grossen, Herzogs v. Saxe-Weimar (Jena, 1747); B Rose, Herzog Bernhard d. Grosse von Saxe-Weimar (Weimar, 1828-1829); DroysenJohann Gustav Droysen ( July 6, 1808 June 10, 1884), was a German historian. He was born at Treptow in Pomerania. His father, Johann Christoph Droysen, was an army chaplain who had been present at the celebrated siege of Kolberg in 1806-7. As a child, Dro, Bernhard, v. Weimar (Leipzig, 1885).