Bahrain History Politics Municipalities Geography

1 History

Bahrain has been populated by humans since prehistoric times. Its strategic location in the Persian Gulf has brought rule from the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and finally the Arabs, under whom the island became Muslim. Bahrain was in the ancient times known by its Persian name Mishmahig and was a part of the Persian Empire.

The modern history of Bahrain begins with the British meddling in Iranian affairs and the British support for the Al-Khalifa family, who established a power base in the island and built alliances with the British in order to separate the island from Iran. British would gain free access to the Persian Gulf through this agreement. In the November of 1957, Iranian parliament announced Bahrain as the Fourteenth province of Iran. Later the British would directly become involved in the politics of Bahrain by handpicking an emir of the island. Eventually Iran and Britain agreed that the matter of Dominion of Bahrain can be put to international judgment and requested the United Nations General Secretary to take on this responsibility. By a Plebiscite and not a Referendum the British finally succeeded in secession of Bahrain from the mainland Iran.

Oil was discovered in the early 20th century and brought rapid modernization and improvements to Bahrain. It also made relations with Britain tighter, and this was evidenced by the British moving more bases to the island nation. British influence would continue to grow, culminating with the appointment of Charles Belgrave as an advisor; Belgrave established modern education systems in Bahrain.

After World War II, increasing anti-British feeling spread throughout the Arab world and led to some riots in Bahrain. The British withdrew from Bahrain in 1971, making it an independent emirate. The oil boom of the 1980s greatly benefitted Bahrain, but its downturn was not as badly felt, as the economy of Bahrain began to diversify.

In the 1990s, increased calls for a representative government pushed the then-emir to move and form the first cabinet in 1994. This group was increased in number as the decade went on, but was not wholly satisfactory and led to some rioting. The Persian Gulf War also brought a heavy American military presence to Bahrain that remains to this day and is a cause of tension.

2 Politics

Main article: Politics of Bahrain

Bahrain is a hereditary kingdom under the rule of the Al-Khalifa family. The King is the chief executive and head of state. The prime minister is head of government. Both these posts are filled by members of the Al-Khalifa family, the king being Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, the Prime Minister, his uncle Khalifa bin Salman Ali Khalifa. Both rule through consultation with ministers. The judiciary system is relatively independent of the government and is based on diverse legal sources, including Shia and Sunni Islamic law.

The new king has worked to improve civil rights and increase democratic reforms. Municipal elections were held in 2002, and legislative elections will be held in 2004. King Hamad has also stated his intention to have a house of the legislative portion of the government that is composed of delegates elected by both males and females.

3 Municipalities

Main article: Municipalities of Bahrain

Bahrain is split into twelve municipalities that are all administered from the capital city of Manama:

Al Hadd
Al Manamah
Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah
Al Mintaqah al Wusta
Al Mintaqah al Shamaliyah
Al Muharraq
Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah
Jidd Haffs
Madinat Hamad
Madinat 'Isa
Juzur Hawar
Sitrah

4 Geography

Main article: Geography of Bahrain

Bahrain is an archipelago that is generally flat, and arid.

5 Economy

Main article: Economy of Bahrain

In Bahrain, petroleum production and processing account for about 60% of export receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 30% of GDP. Economic conditions have fluctuated with the changing fortunes of oil since 1985, for example, during and following the Persian Gulf crisis of 1990-91. With its highly developed communication and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to numerous multinational firms with business in the Persian Gulf. A large share of exports consists of petroleum products made from imported crude. Construction proceeds on several major industrial projects. Unemployment, especially among the young, and the depletion of both oil and underground water resources are major long-term economic problems.

6 Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Bahrain

The official religion of Bahrain is Islam. Shiite Muslims are the majority, composing about 75% of the population, but the Sunni Muslims dominate the government, military and security forces. Most of the Shiites are from the “Bahaareyneh-gaan”; the decedents of Persian origin population of the ancient Bahrain. There are small indigenous Jewish minorities, and some Christian ones, largely composed of foreign workers. Two thirds of Bahrain's population consists of Arabs while the rest of immigrants and guest workers that are largely from Iran, South Asia and Southeast Asia.

7 Culture

Main article: Culture of Bahrain

Bahrain holds the Bahrain Grand Prix. In 2004, it was held on April 4.

**Holidays**
Date	English Name	Local Name	Remarks

January 1	New Year's Day	-
December 16	National Day	-	-
December 17	Accesion Day	-	-
date varies	Feast of the Sacrifice or the Big Feast	Eid ul-Adha	Commemorates Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son, occurs at the end of the month of hajj
date varies	the Little Feast	Eid ul-Fitr	Commemorates end of Ramadan
date varies	Hijri New Year	Muharram	Islamic New Year
date varies	Al-Isra' ul-Miraj	-	Commemorates Muhammad's trip to heaven
date varies	Prophet Muhammads birthday	Mawlid al-Nabi	-
date varies	Ashoura	death of imam Husain Al Shaheed (AS)	-

8 Education

Main article: Education in Bahrain

9 Miscellaneous topics

10 External links

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