1.2 Early invaders

The city's population was between 300,000 and 500,000 in the 9th century. Baghdad's early meteoric growth slowed due to troubles within the Caliphate, including relocations of the capital to Samarra (during 808– 819 and 836– 892), the loss of the western and easternmost provinces, and periods of political domination by the Iranian Buwayhids ( 945– 1055) and Seljuk Turks ( 1055– 1135). Nevertheless, the city remained one of the cultural and commercial hubs of the Islamic world until February 10, 1258, when it was sacked by the Mongols under Hulagu Khan. The Mongols massacred 800,000 of the city's inhabitants, including the Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta'sim, and destroyed large sections of the city. The canals and dykes forming the city's irrigation system were also destroyed. The sack of Baghdad put an end to the Abbasid Caliphate, a blow from which the Arab civilization never fully recovered.

At this point Baghdad was ruled bv the Il-Khanidd , the Mongol emperors of Iran. In 1401, Baghdad was again sacked by the Mongols, led by Timur ("Tamerlane"). It became a provincial capital controlled by the Jalayirid ( 1400– 1411), Qara Quyunlu ( 1411– 1469), Aq Quyunlu ( 1469– 1508), and Safavid ( 1508– 1534) dynasties. In 1534, Baghdad was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. Under the Ottomans, Baghdad fell into a period of decline, partially as a result of the enmity between its rulers and Persia. For a time, Baghdad had been the largest city in the Middle East before being overtaken by Constantinople in the 16th century.

1.3 Independence

Baghdad remained under Ottoman rule until the establishment of the kingdom of Iraq under British control in 1921, followed by formal independence in 1932 and full independence in 1946. The city's population grew from an estimated 145,000 in 1900 to 580,000 in 1950. During the 1970s, Baghdad experienced a period of prosperity and growth because of a sharp increase in the price of oil, Iraq's main export. New infrastructure including modern sewage, water, and highway facilities were built during this period. However, the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s was a difficult time for the city, as money flowed into the army and thousands of residents were killed. Iran launched a number of missile attacks against Baghdad, although they caused relatively little damage and few casualties.

1.4 Conflict with America

The Persian Gulf War of 1991 caused severe damage to Baghdad, particularly its transportation, power, and sanitary infrastructure. However, President George H.W. Bush decided not to have U.S. troops advance to and capture Baghdad - thus leaving Saddam Hussein in power - perhaps in part because of the heavy civilian casualties that would likely have resulted from an attack on the city.

A satellite false-color image of Baghdad, taken March 31, 2003. The image shows smoke rising from burning oil from broken pipelines (black) and vegetation (red).

Baghdad was bombed heavily in March and April 2003 in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and fell under US control by April 7- April 9. Additional damage was caused by the severe looting during the days following the end of the war. With the deposition of Saddam Hussein's regime, the city was occupied by U.S. troops. The Coalition Provisional Authority established a three square mile (8 km²) "Green Zone" within the heart of the city from which it ruled Iraq during the period before the new Iraqi government was established. The Coalition Provisional Authority ceded power to the interim government at the end of June 2004 and dissolved itself.

On September 23, 2003, a Gallup poll indicated that about two-thirds of Baghdad residents said that the removal of the Iraqi dictator was worth the hardships they encountered, and that they expected a better life in five years' time. As time passed, however, support for the occupation declined dramatically. In April 2004, USA Today reported that a follow-up Gallup poll in Baghdad indicated that "only 13 percent of the people now say the invasion of Iraq was morally justifiable. In the 2003 poll, more than twice that number saw it as the right thing to do."[1]

Most residents of Baghdad became impatient with the occupation because many conveniences such as electricity were still unreliable more than a year after the invasion. In the hot summer of 2004, electricity was only available intermittently in most areas of the city. An additional pressing concern was the lack of security. The curfew imposed immediately after the invasion had been lifted in the winter of 2003, but the city that had once had a vibrant night life was still considered too dangerous after dark for many citizens to venture out. Dangers included kidnappings, and being caught up in fighting between Iraqi and American security forces and insurgents.

2 Government

The city has nine district councils, with members selected from the 88 Neighborhood Advisory Councils. The number of neighborhood representatives on the district council is based upon a community’s population. There is also a Baghdad City Advisory Council which has 37 members drawn from the district councils, again based on the district’s population.

3 Geography

Baghdad sits on the Tigris River at a point where the Tigris is about 50 kilometres from the Euphrates River. The city is mostly flat, with the western side of the city having wider boulevards, more expensive homes and more government buildings. Low-income housing is generally located in the east.

Although the city itself, with its riverside location, has a number of green spaces, residents often feel the influence of the desert to the south and west in the form of sandstorms.

Historically Baghdad was of great importance to international trade. Commerce routes from India, Persia and Europe met at the city. Today, the affluent neighborhood of Kerrada is Baghdad's business district. Baghdad is still an important node for road, air and train traffic. The city's main airport is Baghdad International Airport.

4 Culture

Baghdad has always played an important role in Arab cultural life and has been the home of noted writers, musicians and visual artists.

4.1 Institutions

Some of the important cultural institutions in the city include:

• Iraqi National Orchestra - Rehearsals and performances were briefly interrupted during the second Gulf War, but have since returned to normal.
• National Theatre of Iraq - The theatre was looted during the second Persian Gulf War but efforts are underway to restore the theatre. [2].

The live theatre scene received a boost during the 1990s when UN sanctions limited the import of foreign films. As many as 30 movie theatres were reported to have been converted to live stages, producing a wide range of comedies and dramatic productions.[3]

Institutions offering cultural education in Baghdad include the Academy of Music , Institute of Fine Arts and the Music and Ballet School . Baghdad is also home to a number of museums which housed artifacts and relics of ancient civilizations; many of these were stolen, and the museums looted, during the widespread chaos immediately after U.S. forces entered the city.

During the 2003 occupation of Iraq, AFN Iraq ("Freedom Radio") broadcast news and entertainment within Baghdad, among other locations.

4.2 Sights and monuments

Points of interest include the National Museum of Iraq, whose priceless collection of artifacts was looted during the 2003 invasion, the iconic Hands of Victory arches, and the Baghdad zoo. Thousands of ancient manuscripts in the National Library were destroyed when the building burnt down during the second Persian Gulf War. The Al Khadimiya Mosque in the northwest of Baghdad is one of the most important Shi'ite religious buildings in Iraq. It was finished in 1515 and the 7th ( Musa ibn Jafar al-Kazim ) and the 9th Imams ( Mohammad al-Taqi ) were buried here.

One of the oldest buildings is the 12th century or 13th century Abbasid Palace .

5 See also

• List of places in Iraq

6 External links

• Interactive map
• Iraq - Urban Society

Baghdad Cities and towns of Iraq

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