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The literal meaning is: near the cranes, from azta cranes + tlan near.
It also gives its name to several Hispanic political movements in the United States, such as the self-styled Revolutionary Council and Provisional Government of Aztlán and MEChA, also known as Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán (Chicano Student Movement of Aztlán). In this connection, it often refers to irredentist ambitions of independence or union with Mexico for those southwestern US states which Mexico controlled prior to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848.