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The principal titles of what modern historians call the " Roman emperors" were imperator, Caesar, and Augustus; the latter two words were transliterated into Greek as kaisar and augoustos, while the existing word autokratôr was substituted for the former. When the Emperor Heraclius introduced the " Byzantine" system of co-emperors, the senior emperor (or, in the absence of a co-emperor, the sole emperor) took the title autokratôr, although the junior emperor also began to take that title in the 14th century under the Palaeologi.

In keeping with the contention of the rulers of Russia that Moscow was " Third Rome" (after Constantinople and RomeRome ( Italian and Latin Roma is the capital city of Italy, and of its Lazio region. It is located on the lower Tiber river, near the Mediterranean Sea, at 41°50'N, 12°15'E. The Vatican City State, a sovereign enclave within Rome, is the seat of the Roman), the formal title of the Russian emperor was Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiysky ("All-Russian Emperor and Autocrat"). The absolutist rule of the Russian emperors is probably chiefly responsible for the modern negative connotationIn logic and in some branches of semantics, connotation is more or less synonymous with intension''. Connotation is often contrasted with denotation which is more or less synonymous with extension''. See these articles for further information. In everyday attached to the word "autocrat".

See also: Roman Emperors; List of Roman EmperorsThis is a list of Roman Emperors with the dates they controlled the Roman Empire. Note that, contrary to popular belief, Julius Caesar was never Emperor princeps , although he was named dictator for life in 45 BC (but was not the first Roman to hold that; Byzantine Emperors; List of Byzantine EmperorsThis is a list of Byzantine Emperors. Note: It is difficult to determine when exactly the Roman Empire ends and the Byzantine Empire begins; Diocletian split the Roman Empire into eastern and western halves for administrative purposes in 284. Candidates f; TsarTsar ( Bulgarian Russian often spelt Czar or Tzar in English), was the title used for the rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires from 913 and in Russia from 1547 to 1917. It is derived from the Latin title Caesar. History of usage The title tsar