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The atomic number originally meant the number of an element's place in the periodic table. When Mendeleev arranged the known chemical elements grouped by their similarities in chemistry, it was noticeable that placing them in strict order of atomic mass resulted in some mismatches. Iodine and tellurium, if listed by atomic mass, appeared to be in the wrong order, and would fit better if their places in the table were swapped. Placing them in the order which fit chemical properties most closely, their number in the table was their atomic number. This number appeared to be approximately proportional to the mass of the atom, but, as the discrepancy showed, reflected some other property than mass.
The anomalies in this sequence were finally explained after research by Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley in 1913. Mosely discovered a strict relationship between the x-ray diffraction spectra of elements, and their correct location in the periodic table. It was later shown that the atomic number corresponds to the electric charge of the nucleus — in other words the number of protons. It is the charge which gives elements their chemical properties, rather than the atomic mass.
The atomic number is closely related to the mass numberThe mass number A , also called atomic mass number or nucleon number is the number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus. The mass number is unique for each isotope of an element and is written either after the element name or as a superscript to t (although they should not be confused) which is the number of protons and neutronsNeutron Classification Subatomic particle Fermion Hadron Baryon Nucleon Neutron Properties Mass: 940 MeV/ c 2 Electric Charge: 0 C Spin: 1/2 In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 940 MeV/ c 2 ( kg; very in the nucleus of an atom. The mass number often comes after the name of the element, e.g. carbon-14Carbon-14 is the radioactive isotope of carbon discovered February 27, 1940, by Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben. Its presence in organic materials is used in radiocarbon dating. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. It decays into nitrogen-14 through beta- (used in carbon dating).