2 Works

Kircher published a large number of substantial books on a very wide variety of subjects, such as Egyptology, geology, and music theory. His syncretic approach paid no attention to the boundaries between disciplines which are now conventional: his Magnes, for example, was ostensibly a discussion of magnetism, but also explored other forms of attraction such as gravity and love. Perhaps Kircher's best-known work today is his Oedipus Aegyptiacus (1652-54) a vast study of Egyptology and comparative religion. His books, written in Latin, had a wide circulation in the 17th century, and they contributed to the dissemination of scientific information to a broader circle of readers.

2.1 Egyptology

Kircher was acknowledged as his era's greatest student of the mysteries of Ancient Egypt. While some of his notions are long discredited, portions of his work have been valuable to later scholars and Kirchner helped pioneer Egyptology as a field of serious study.

The Coptic alphabet, from Prodromus coptus sive aegyptiacusKircher's interest in Egyptology began in 1628 when he became intrigued by a collection of hieroglyphs in the library at Speyer. He learned Coptic in 1633 and published the first grammar of the language in 1636, the Prodromus coptus sive aegyptiacus. In the Lingua aegyptiaca restituta of 1643 he argued correctly that Coptic was not a separate language, but the last development of ancient Egyptian. He also recognised the relationship between the hieratic and hieroglyphic scripts.

In Oedipus Aegyptiacus he argued that ancient Egyptian was the language spoken by Adam, that Hermes Trismegistus was Moses, and that hieroglyphs were occult symbols which "cannot be translated by words, but expressed only by marks, characters and figures." This led him to translate simple hieroglyphic texts now known to read as dd Wsr ("Osiris says") as "The treachery of Typhon ends at the throne of Isis; the moisture of nature is guarded by the vigilance of Anubis." Kirchner apparently fooled himself (as well as some contemporaries) into believing that he could read the hieroglyphics, but his "translations" were largely figments of his own imagination having little to do with the actual text.

Although his approach to deciphering the texts was based on a fundamental misconception, he did pioneer serious study of hieroglyphs, and the data which he collected were later used by Champollion in his successful efforts to decode the script. Kircher himself was alive to the possibility of the hieroglyphs constituting an alphabet: he included in his proposed system (incorrect) derivations of the Greek alphabet from 21 hieroglyphs.

2.2 Sinology

Kircher had an early interest in China, telling his superior in 1629 that he wished to become a missionary to the country. His China Monumentis (1667) was an encyclopedia of China, which combined accurate cartography with mythical elements such as dragons. The work emphasised the Christian elements of Chinese history, both real and imagined: he noted the early presence of Nestorians, but also claimed that the Chinese were descended from the sons of Ham, that Confucius was Hermes Trismegistus/Moses and that the Chinese characters were corrupted hieroglyphs. In his system, ideograms were inferior to hieroglyphs because they referred to specific ideas rather than to mysterious complexes of ideas, while the signs of the Maya and Aztecs were yet lower pictograms which referred only to objects. Umberto Eco comments that this idea reflected and supported the European attitude to the Chinese and native American civilisations;

"China was presented not as an unknown barbarian to be defeated but as a prodigal son who should return to the home of the common father". (p. 69)

2.3 Geology

Kircher's model of the Earth's internal fires, from Mundus SubterraneusOn a visit to southern Italy in 1638 Kircher was lowered into the crater of Vesuvius, then on the brink of eruption, in order to examine its interior. He was also intrigued by the subterranean rumbling which he heard at the Strait of Messina. His geological and geographical investigations culminated in his Mundus Subterraneus of 1664, in which he suggested that the tides were caused by water moving to and from a subterranean ocean.

Kircher was puzzled by fossils. He understood that some were the remains of animals which had turned to stone, but ascribed others to human invention or to the spontaneous generative force of the earth. Not all the objects which he was attempting to explain were in fact fossils, hence the diversity of explanations.

2.4 Medicine

Kircher took a notably modern approach to the study of diseases, as early as 1646 using a microscope to investigate the blood of plague victims. In his Scrutinium Pestis of 1658 he noted the presence of "little worms" or "animalcules" in the blood, and concluded that the disease was caused by microorganisms. The conclusion was correct, although it is likely that what he saw were in fact red or white blood cells. He also proposed hygienic measures to prevent the spread of disease, such as isolation, quarantine, burning clothes worn by the infected and wearing facemask s to prevent the inhalation of germs.

2.5 Other

Kircher constructed a magnetic clock, the mechanism of which he explained in his Magnes ( 1641). The device had originally been invented by another Jesuit, Fr. Francis Line, and was described by an acquaintance of Line's in 1634. Kircher's patron Peiresc had claimed that the clock's motion supported the Copernican cosmological model, the argument being that the magnetic sphere in the clock was caused to rotate by the magnetic force of the sun. Kircher's model disproved the theory, showing that the motion could be produced by a water clock in the base of the device.

Other machines produced by Kirchner include an aeolian harp, a statue which spoke and listened via a speaking tube , and a perpetual motion machine; he also designed a cat piano which would drive spikes into the tails of cats which yowled to specified pitches, although he is not known to have actually constructed the instrument. He wrote an early description of the magic lantern, and is therefore sometimes believed to have been its inventor. An illustration from the discussion of hearing in Musurgia Universalis, showing the ears of a human, cow, horse, dog, leopard, cat, rat, pig, sheep and goose The Musurgia Universalis ( 1650) sets out Kircher's views on music: he believed that the harmony of music reflected the proportions of the universe. The book includes plans for constructing water-powered automatic organ s, notations of birdsong and diagrams of musical instruments. One illustration shows the differences between the ears of humans and other animals.

Kircher wrote against the Copernican model in his Magnes (supporting instead that of Tycho Brahe), but his later Itinerarium extaticum ( 1656, revised 1671) he presented several systems, including the Copernican, as alternative possibilities. In Polygraphia nova ( 1663) he proposed an artificial universal language .

Kircher received the Voynich Manuscripts in 1665; they were sent to him by Johannes Marcus Marci in the hope of his being able to decipher them. The manuscripts remained in the Collegio Romano until Victor Emmanuel II of Italy annexed the papal states in 1870.

3 Influence

For most of his professional life, Kircher was one of the scientific stars of the world: according to historian Paula Findlen, he was "the first scholar with a global reputation". His importance was twofold: to the results of his own experiments and research he added information gleaned from his correspondence with over 760 scientists, physicians and above all his fellow Jesuits in all parts of the globe. The Encyclopædia Britannica calls him a "one-man intellectual clearing house". His works, illustrated to his orders, were extremely popular, and he was the first scientist to be able to support himself through the sale of his books. Towards the end of his life his stock fell, as the rationalist Cartesian approach began to dominate (Descartes himself described Kircher as "more quacksalver than savant").

Thereafter, Kircher was largely neglected until the late 20th century. One writer attributes his rediscovery to the similarities between his eclectic approach and postmodernism: "at the start of the 21st century Kircher's taste for trivia, deception and wonder is back”; "Kircher's postmodern qualities include his subversiveness, his celebrity, his technomania and his bizarre eclecticism" [1]. Because Kircher's science is now out of date, and as few of his works have been translated, the recent emphasis has been on their aesthetic qualities rather than their actual content, and a succession of exhibitions have highlighted the beauty of their illustrations. Historian Anthony Grafton has said that "the staggeringly strange dark continent of Kircher's work [is] the setting for a Borges story that was never written", while Umberto Eco has written about Kircher in his novel The Island of the Day Before , as well as in his non-fiction works The Search for the Perfect Language and Serendipities. One 2002 article called him "dude of wonders" and "just about the coolest guy ever" [2].

4 Bibliography

Kircher's principal works, in chronological order, are:

• 1631 Ars Magnesia
• 1635 Primitiae gnomoniciae catroptricae
• 1636 Prodromus coptus sive aegyptiacus
• 1637 Specula Melitensis encyclica, hoc est syntagma novum instrumentorum physico- mathematicorum
• 1641 Magnes sive de arte magnetica
• 1643 Lingua aegyptiaca restituta
• 1645–1646 Ars Magna Lucis et umbrae in mundo
• 1650 Obeliscus Pamphilius
• 1650 Musurgia universalis, sive ars magna consoni et dissoni
• 1652–1655 Oedipus Aegyptiacus
• 1654 Magnes sive (third, expanded edition)
• 1656 Itinerarium extaticum s. opificium coeleste
• 1657 Iter extaticum secundum, mundi subterranei prodromus
• 1658 Scrutinium Physico-Medicum Contagiosae Luis, quae dicitur Pestis
• 1660 Pantometrum Kircherianum ... explicatum a G. Schotto
• 1661 Diatribe de prodigiosis crucibus
• 1663 Polygraphia , seu artificium linguarium quo cum omnibus mundi populis poterit quis respondere
• 1664–1678 Mundus subterraneus, quo universae denique naturae divitiae
• 1665 Historia Eustachio-Mariana
• 1665 Arithmologia
• 1666 Obelisci Aegyptiaci ... interpretatio hieroglyphica
• 1667 China Monumentis, qua sacris qua profanis
• 1667 Magneticum naturae regnum sive disceptatio physiologica
• 1668 Organum mathematicum
• 1669 Principis Cristiani archetypon politicum
• 1669 Latium
• 1669 Ars magna sciendi sive combinatorica
• 1673 Phonurgia nova, sive conjugium mechanico-physicum artis & natvrae paranympha phonosophia concinnatum
• 1675 Arca Noe
• 1676 Sphinx mystagoga
• 1676 Obelisci Aegyptiaci
• 1679 Musaeum Collegii Romani Societatis Jesu
• 1679 Turris Babel sive Archontologia
• 1679 Tariffa Kircheriana sive mensa Pathagorica expansa
• 1680 Physiologia Kicheriana experimentalis

5 References

• Athanasius Kircher, Dude of Wonders Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
• Athanasius Kircher Image Gallery Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
• Athanasius Kircher's Magnetic Clock Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
• Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (German language) Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
• Catholic Encyclopedia Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
• Eco, Umberto. Serendipities: Language and Lunacy. Columbia University Press (1998). BooksEnthsiast.com.
• Glasgow University Library: Musurgia Universalis Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
• Infoplease: Athanasius Kircher Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
• Medicine Worldwide (German language) Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
• Schmidt, Edward W. The Last Renaissance Man: Athanasius Kircher, SJ. Company: The World of Jesuits and Their Friends. 19(2), Winter 2001-2002.
• The Correspondence of Athanasius Kircher Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
• The First Use of the Microscope in Medicine Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
• The Galileo Project Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
• The Historical Background of Cytology Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
• The Illustrated Book Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
• The World is Bound With Secret Knots Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
• Voynich MS - Biographies Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.

Kirchner, Athanasius Kirchner, Athanasius Kirchner, Athanasius Kirchner, Athanasius Kirchner, Athanasius

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