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In 1555 Ivan the Terrible granted trade privileges to English merchants. They founded the Company of Merchant Adventurers (later renamed the Moscow Company ), and began sending ships annually into the estuary of the Northern Dvina. Dutch merchants also began bringing their ships into the White Sea. In 1584 Ivan order the founding of Novo-Kholmogory ( Kholmogory being a smaller town at the mouth of the Dvina) which would later become Arkhangelsk. At the time access to the Baltic Sea was still controlled by the Hanseatic League, so while Arkhangelsk was icebound in winter, it remained Moscow's only link to the sea. Arkhangelsk and pomorPomors are settlers of the White Sea coasts. Explorers from Novgorod entered the White Sea through Northern Dvina estuary and founded the Russian settlements along its coast. They reached as far as trans- Ural areas of Northern Siberia and founded the cits maintained trade routes to Northern SiberiaSiberia ( Russian: , common English transliterations: Sibir Sibir' is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan, constituting all of northern Asia, and extending eastward from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and southward from the Arctic Oc as far as trans- UralThe Ural Mountains ( Russian: also known simply as the Urals are a mountain range that run roughly north and south through western Russia. The Urals extend 2500 km from the Kazakh steppes along the northern border of Kazakhstan to the coast of the Arctic city of MangazeyaMangazeya was a Northwest Siberian trans- Ural trade colony and later city in the 16-17th centuries. It was situated where the Ob and Yenisei rivers flow into the Arctic Ocean. Russian settlers of the White Sea coasts of Russia pomors had found a route al. right Lenin Statue in Arkhangelsk.
In 1682Events March 11 Chelsea hospital for soldiers is founded in England May 6 Louis XIV of France moves his court to Versailles. First black slaves arrive in Germany French court moves to Versailles Halley's comet makes an appearance, and is observed by Edmon Peter IPeter I (Pyotr Alekseyvich) ( 9 June 1672 8 February 1725 [ 30 May 1672 28 January 1725 O. 1]) ruled Russia from 7 May ( 27 April O. 1682 until his death. Known as Peter the Great ( I , Pyotr Velikiy , he was at first a joint ruler with his weak and sickl took power at the age of ten, and in 1693Events January 11 Eruption of Mt. February 8 The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia is granted a charter July 29 The Battle of Landen October 11 Charleloi falls to the French forces China concentrates all its foreign trade to Canton Eur he ordered the creation of a state shipyard in Arkhangelsk. A year later the ships Svyatoye Prorochestvo (Holy Prophesy), Apostol Pavel (Apostle Paul) and the yacht Svyatoy Pyotr (Saint Peter) were sailing in the White Sea. However he also realized that Arkhangelsk would always be limited as a port due to the five months of ice cover, and after a successful campaign against Swedish armies in the Baltic area, he founded Saint Petersburg in 1704.
Arkhangelsk city declined in the 18th century as the Baltic became more important, but trade revived at the end of the 19th century when a railroad to Moscow was completed and timber became a major export. During World War I and World War II Arkhangelsk was a major port of entry for Allied aid.
The city resisted Bolshevik rule during 1918 to 1920 and was a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik White Army, supported by the military intervention of Entente forces.