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(from the Arabic Al-Mugavari, a scout), the name of a class of Spanish soldiers, well known during the Christian reconquest of Spain, and much employed as mercenaries in Italy and the Levant, during the 13th and 14th centuries.

The Almogávares (the plural of Almogavar) came originally from the Pyrenees, and were in later times recruited mainly in Navarre, Aragon and Catalonia. They were frontiersmen and foot-soldiers who wore no armour, dressed in skins, were shod with brogues (abarcas), and carried the same arms as the Roman legionaries-two heavy javelins ( assegay , Spanish azagaya, Catalan atzagaia, the Roman pilum), a short stabbing sword and a shield.

They served the king, the nobles, the church or the towns for pay, and were professional soldiers. When Peter III of Aragon made war on Charles of Anjou after the Sicilian Vespers-- March 30 1282--for the possession of Naples and Sicily, the Almogávares formed the most effective element of his army. Their discipline and ferocity, the force with which they hurled their javelins, and their activity, made them very formidable to the heavy cavalry of the AngevinAngevin is the name applied to two distinct medieval dynasties which originated as counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou (of which angevin is the adjectival form), but later came to rule far greater areas including England, Hun armies.

When the peace of Calatabellota in 1302 ended the war in southern Italy, the Almogávares followed Roger de FlorRoger de Flor a military adventurer of the 13th and 14th century, was the second son of a German falconer surnamed Blum ( flower) in the service of the emperor Frederick II, who fell at Tagliacozzo (1268). At eight years old he was sent to sea in a galley (Roger Blum), the unfrocked TemplarThe first of the military orders, the Knights Templar or Poor Knights of Christ was founded in 1118, in the aftermath of the First Crusade, to help the new Kingdom of Jerusalem maintain itself against its defeated Muslim neighbors, and to ensure the safet, entering as the Catalan CompanyThe Oriental Catalan Company or the Grand Company, was founded by Roger de Flor (who inspired the medieval tale of Tirant lo Blanc) after the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302 had left jobless the soldiers from Catalonia and Aragon fighting against the Frenc in the service of the emperor of the East, AndronicusAndronicus II Palaeologus ( 1260 February 13, 1332), Byzantine emperor, was the elder son of Michael VIII Palaeologus, whom he succeeded in 1282. He allowed the fleet, which his father had organized, to fall into decay; and the empire was thus less able t, as condottieri to fight against the Turks.

Their campaign in Asia Minor, 1303 and 1304, was a series of romantic victories, but their greed and violence made them intolerable to the ChristianChristian is: a follower of the faith of Christianity a popular first name and surname, especially in Northern Europe According to the New Testament, those who followed Jesus as his disciples were first called Christians by those who did not share their f population. When Roger di Flor was assassinated by his Greek employer in 1305, they turned on the emperor, held Gallipoli and ravaged the neighbourhood of Constantinople.

In 1310 they marched against the duke of Athens, of the French house of Brienne. Walter of Brienne was defeated and slain by them with all his knights at the battle of Cephissus, or Orchomenus, in Boeotia in March. They then divided the wives and possessions of the Frenchmen by lot and summoned a prince of the house of Aragon to rule over them.

The foundation of the Aragonese duchy of Athens was the culmination of the achievements of the Almogávares. In the 16th century the name died out. It was, however, revived for a short time as a party nickname in the civil wars of the reign of Ferdinand VII.

This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.