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The first translations into Arabic were made in the 9th century, with two separate efforts, one sponsored by the caliph Al-Ma'mun. By this time, the work was lost in Europe, or dimly remembered in astrological lore. Consequently, western Europe rediscovered Ptolemy from translations of Arabic versions. In the twelfth century a Spanish version was produced, later turned into Latin under the patronage of Emperor Frederick II. Another Latin version, this time directly from the Arabic, was produced by Gerard of Cremona, who found his text in ToledoAlternate meanings: see Toledo (disambiguation Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. History Toledo served as the capital city of Visigothic Spain, beginning in Spain. Gerard of Cremona was unable to translate many technical terms, even retained the Arabic Abrachir for Hipparchus.
In the 15th century14th century 15th century 16th century other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. Events Renaissance affects philosophy, science and art. The New Monarchs come to power i, a Greek version appeared in western Europe, and Johannes Müller, better known as RegiomontanusJohannes Muller von Konigsberg ( June 6, 1436 July 6, 1476), Latin name Regiomontanus was an important mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer of the 15th century. He was born in Konigsberg village Unfinden in Franconia. He is also called Johannes Mulle, made an abridged Latin version at the instigation of the brilliant Greek churchman Johannes, Cardinal BessarionJohannes Bessarion or Basilius (c. 1395- 1472), titular patriarch of Constantinople, and one of the illustrious Greek scholars who contributed to the great revival of letters in the 15th century, was born at Trebizond, the year of his birth being variousl. At the same time, a full translation was made by George of TrebizondGeorge of Trebizond ( 1395- 1484), Greek philosopher and scholar, one of the pioneers of the revival of letters in the Western world, was born in the island of Crete, and derived his surname Trapezuntios from the fact that his ancestors were from Trebizon. It included a commentary that was as long as the original. The work of translation, done under the patronage of Pope Nicholas VNicholas V ne Tomaso Parentucelli ( November 15, 1397 March 24, 1455) was pope from March 6, 1447, to March 24, 1455. He was born at Sarzana, Liguria, where his father was a physician. His father died while he was young, but in Florence, Parentucelli beca was intended to supplant the old translation. The new manuscripts were a great improvement; the new commentary was not, and aroused much heated criticism. The Pope declined the dedication of the translation, and Regiomontanus' translation had the upper hand for the next century and more.