Home > Alexandre Millerand

Born in Paris, he was educated for the bar, and made his reputation by his defence, in company with Georges LaguerreJean Henri Georges Laguerre ( June 24, 1858 ?) was a French lawyer and politician. Born in Paris, he was called to the bar in 1879 and distinguished himself by brilliant pleadings in favour of socialist and anarchist leaders, defending Prince Kropotkine a, of Ernest Roche and Duc-Quercy, the instigators of the strikeStrike action (or simply strike is a deliberate refusal to work on the part of multiple employees. This is a tactic often employed by labor unions during collective bargaining with an employer. A strike may consist of workers refusing to attend work or pi at Decazeville in 1883; he then took Laguerre's place on Georges ClemenceauGeorges Clemenceau ( September 28, 1841 November 24, 1929) was a French doctor, journalist and statesman. Clemenceau was born in Mouilleron-en-Pareds, in the departement of Vendee, in France. In his early years in Paris, he was a political activist, publi's paper, La Justice. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the département of the SeineThis article is about the river in France; it should not be confused with the Senne, a much smaller river that flows through Brussels. For other rivers named Seine see Seine River (disambiguation). A seine is also a kind of fishing net. The Seine (pronoun in 1885 as a radical socialist. He was associated with MM. Clemenceau and Camille Pelletan as an arbitrator in the Carmaux strike (1892). He had long had the ear of the Chamber in matters of social legislation, and after the Panama scandal s had discredited so many politicians his influence grew.

He was chief of the Socialist left, which then mustered sixty members, and edited until 1896 their organ in the press, La Petite République. His programme included the collective ownership of the means of production and the international association of labour, but when in June 1899 he entered Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet of "republican defence" as minister of commerce he limited himself to practical reforms, devoting his attention to the improvement of the mercantile marine, to the development of trade, of technical education, of the postal system, and to the amelioration of the conditions of labour. Labour questions were entrusted to a separate department, the Direction du Travail, and the pension and insurance office was also raised to the status of a "direction."

The introduction of trades-union representatives on the Supreme Labour Council, the organization of local labour councils, and the instructions to factory inspectors to put themselves in communication with the councils of the trades-unions, were valuable concessions to labour, and he further secured the rigorous application of earlier laws devised for the protection of the working-classes. His name was especially associated with a project for the establishment of old age pensions, which became law in 1905. He became in 1898 editor of La Lanterne. His influence with the extreme Socialists had already declined, for it was said that his departure from the true Marxist tradition had disintegrated the party. He continued to move to the right, and was appointed Prime Minister by the conservative President Paul Deschanel in 1920. When Deschanel resigned the following year, Millerand emerged as a compromise candidate for President between the Bloc national and the remnants of the Bloc des gauches . He appointed the largely unknown Georges Leygues as Prime Minister and attempted to strengthen the executive powers the Presidency. This move was resisted in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, and Millerand was forced to appoint a stronger figure, Aristide Briand. Briand's appointment was welcomed by both left and right, although the Socialists and the left wing of the Radical Party did not join his government. However, Millerand dismissed Briand after just a year, and appoined the conservative republican Raymond Poincaré. Millerand was accused of favouring conservatives in spite of the traditional neutrality of French Presidents and the composition of the legislature. Millerand resigned in the face of growing conflict between the elected legislature and the office of the President, following the victory of the Cartel des gauches in 1924.

For his administration in the Waldeck-Rousseau cabinet see A Lavy, L'Œuvre de Millerand (1902); his speeches between 1899 and 1907 were published in 1907 as Travail et travailleurs.