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His first political mandate was in 1874, as a congressman. Following the election, Pena has to conciliate the legislative work with some periods occupying federal secretaries — secretary of Agriculture ( 1882), Commerce and Public Issues ( 1883) and Justice( 1885). Then Pena presided the state legislative assembly of Minas Gerais.

He was governor of Minas Gerais between 1892 and 1894. It was during his government that Belo Horizonte was set for future state capital (which tahta time was Ouro Preto).

In 1902Events January-April January 28 The Carnegie Institution is founded in Washington, DC with a $10 million gift from Andrew Carnegie. France, Loisy's L'evangile et l'Eglise which inaugurates the Modernist Crisis February 11 Police beat up universal suffrage Pena became vice-president to Francisco e Paula Rodrigues Alves. In the following election, he was elected president ( 1906), serving until his death in 1909, few days after the passing of his son Álvaro Pena.

Afonso Pena was the first president to promote the intervencionism on coffeeThis article discusses the coffee plant; for information on the beverage see coffee (drink). Coffea arabica Arabian Coffee Coffea benghalensis Bengal Coffee Coffea canephora Robusta Coffee Coffea congensis Congo Coffee Coffea liberica Liberian Coffee Coff's economy. The federal government started to buy production surplus, mantaining the high prices on international markets. Promoted railroads expansion.

The reorganization of Brazil's national army was done by Hermes da Fonseca , during Pena's presidency. The president also supported Cândido Rondon in his expeditions do AmazonasAmazonas is the name of four subnational entities in various South American nations. All are named after the Amazon River: Amazonas, a state of Brazil Amazonas, a department of Colombia Amazonas, a department of Peru Amazonas, a state of Venezuela..